Measures that support safe separation in the event of an encounter (e.g., DAA systems, cooperative electronic systems, or procedures). They are linked to TMPR/robustness.

Measures that reduce the likelihood of encounters with manned traffic (e.g., operation during times/in locations with low traffic density, temporarily segregated airspace). They can reduce the ARC.

Deception of navigation/position signals (e.g., GNSS), causing the system to process incorrect position data. Relevant security/safety risk, especially in BVLOS/high automation.

Intentional or unintentional interference with radio signals (e.g., GNSS or C2-Link), which can cause loss of position/control. Robustness against interference is relevant in risk analyses.

Protection against deliberate actions (e.g., unauthorized access, jamming, spoofing). Security can influence safety and must therefore be taken into account in the U-Space/SORA environment.

In addition to safety, privacy/data protection must be considered as a separate risk dimension (e.g., cameras/sensors). EU UAS regulations point out that additional national/EU requirements must be observed.

Management systems for identifying, assessing, and minimizing safety risks (and security vulnerabilities with safety impact). For USSP and (single) CISP, such systems are planned within the U-Space framework.

UAS that is physically connected to the ground via a tether/cable. Depending on the design, this can reduce certain risks (e.g., limiting the area of operation); requirements arise from the mission concept and regulations.

Provision of a product for initial distribution/use on the EU market. Relevant for UAS because class labeling and conformity requirements are linked to placing on the market.

Marking indicating that a product meets EU conformity requirements. For UAS classes C0–C6, conformity assessment in accordance with 2019/945 is part of the process of placing the product on the market.